2007年8月9日 星期四

CASE

評估條件清單並傳回多種可能的結果運算式之一。

CASE 分為兩種格式:

  1. 簡單 CASE 函數會比較運算式與一組簡單運算式,以決定其結果。

     
  2. 搜尋 CASE 函數會評估一組布林運算式,以決定其結果。

兩種格式都支援選用的 ELSE 引數。

語法

簡單 CASE 函數:

CASE input_expression
WHEN when_expression THEN result_expression
[ ...n ]
[
ELSE else_result_expression
END

搜尋 CASE 函數:

CASE
WHEN Boolean_expression THEN result_expression
[ ...n ]
[
ELSE else_result_expression
END

引數

input_expression

是使用簡單 CASE 格式時評估的運算式。input_expression 是任何有效的 Microsoft® SQL Server™ 運算式。

WHEN when_expression

是使用簡單 CASE 格式時要比較 input_expression 的簡單運算式。when_expression 是任何有效的 SQL Server 運算式。input_expression 和各 when_expression 的資料型別必須相同,或者必須為隱含轉換。

n

是指出可用多重 WHEN when_expression THEN result_expression 子句或多重 WHEN Boolean_expression THEN result_expression 子句的替代符號 (placeholder)。

THEN result_expression

input_expression 等於 when_expression 評估為 TRUE 時,或 Boolean_expression 評估為 TRUE 時傳回的運算式。result expression 是任何有效的 SQL Server 運算式。

ELSE else_result_expression

是無任何比較運算評估為 TRUE 時傳回的運算式。如果忽略這個引數,且無任何比較運算評估為 TRUE,則 CASE 會傳回 NULL。else_result_expression 是任何有效的 SQL Server 運算式。else_result_expression 和任何 result_expression 的資料型別必須相同,或者必須為隱含轉換。

WHEN Boolean_expression

是使用搜尋 CASE 格式時評估的布林運算式。Boolean_expression 是任何有效的 Boolean 運算式。

結果型別

自 result_expressions 和選用的 else_result_expression 中的一組型別傳回最高優先權型別。

結果值
簡單 CASE 函數:
  1. 評估 input_expression,然後依指定次序評估各 WHEN 子句的 input_expression = when_expression。

     
  2. 傳回評估為 TRUE 的第一個 (input_expression = when_expression) 的 result_expression。

     
  3. 若無 input_expression = when_expression 評估為 TRUE,則在指定 ELSE 子句時,SQL Server 會傳回 else_result_expression;若未指定 ELSE 子句,則傳回 NULL 值。
搜尋 CASE 函數:
  1. 依指定次序評估各 WHEN 子句的 Boolean_expression。

     
  2. 傳回評估為 TRUE 的第一個 result_expression。

     
  3. 若無 Boolean_expression 評估為 TRUE,則在指定 ELSE 子句時,SQL Server 會傳回 else_result_expression;若未指定 ELSE 子句,則傳回 NULL 值。
範例
A. 使用具有簡單 CASE 函數的 SELECT 陳述式

在 SELECT 陳述式中,簡單 CASE 函數只能檢查等式,不可進行其他比較。這一範例使用 CASE 函數來改變書籍目錄的顯示方式,使它們更容易讓人瞭解。

USE pubs
GO
SELECT Category =
CASE type
WHEN 'popular_comp' THEN 'Popular Computing'
WHEN 'mod_cook' THEN 'Modern Cooking'
WHEN 'business' THEN 'Business'
WHEN 'psychology' THEN 'Psychology'
WHEN 'trad_cook' THEN 'Traditional Cooking'
ELSE 'Not yet categorized'
END,
CAST(title AS varchar(25)) AS 'Shortened Title',
price AS Price
FROM titles
WHERE price IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY type, price
COMPUTE AVG(price) BY type
GO

以下為結果集:

Category            Shortened Title           Price                     
------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------
Business You Can Combat Computer S 2.99
Business Cooking with Computers: S 11.95
Business The Busy Executive's Data 19.99
Business Straight Talk About Compu 19.99

avg
==========================
13.73

Category Shortened Title Price
------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------
Modern Cooking The Gourmet Microwave 2.99
Modern Cooking Silicon Valley Gastronomi 19.99

avg
==========================
11.49

Category Shortened Title Price
------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------
Popular Computing Secrets of Silicon Valley 20.00
Popular Computing But Is It User Friendly? 22.95

avg
==========================
21.48

Category Shortened Title Price
------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------
Psychology Life Without Fear 7.00
Psychology Emotional Security: A New 7.99
Psychology Is Anger the Enemy? 10.95
Psychology Prolonged Data Deprivatio 19.99
Psychology Computer Phobic AND Non-P 21.59

avg
==========================
13.50

Category Shortened Title Price
------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------
Traditional Cooking Fifty Years in Buckingham 11.95
Traditional Cooking Sushi, Anyone? 14.99
Traditional Cooking Onions, Leeks, and Garlic 20.95

avg
==========================
15.96

(21 row(s) affected)
B. 使用具有簡單和搜尋 CASE 函數的 SELECT 陳述式

在 SELECT 陳述式中,搜尋 CASE 函數允許根據比較值來取代結果集中的值。這一範例根據書籍的價格範圍以文字註解來顯示價格 (money 資料行)。

USE pubs
GO
SELECT 'Price Category' =
CASE
WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Not yet priced'
WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Very Reasonable Title'
WHEN price >= 10 and price < 20 THEN 'Coffee Table Title'
ELSE 'Expensive book!'
END,
CAST(title AS varchar(20)) AS 'Shortened Title'
FROM titles
ORDER BY price
GO

以下為結果集:

Price Category        Shortened Title     
--------------------- --------------------
Not yet priced Net Etiquette
Not yet priced The Psychology of Co
Very Reasonable Title The Gourmet Microwav
Very Reasonable Title You Can Combat Compu
Very Reasonable Title Life Without Fear
Very Reasonable Title Emotional Security:
Coffee Table Title Is Anger the Enemy?
Coffee Table Title Cooking with Compute
Coffee Table Title Fifty Years in Bucki
Coffee Table Title Sushi, Anyone?
Coffee Table Title Prolonged Data Depri
Coffee Table Title Silicon Valley Gastr
Coffee Table Title Straight Talk About
Coffee Table Title The Busy Executive's
Expensive book! Secrets of Silicon V
Expensive book! Onions, Leeks, and G
Expensive book! Computer Phobic And
Expensive book! But Is It User Frien

(18 row(s) affected)
C. 使用具有 SUBSTRING 和 SELECT 的 CASE

這一範例使用 CASE 和 THEN 來產生作者清單、書籍識別碼和各作者已經寫過的書籍型別。

USE pubs
SELECT SUBSTRING((RTRIM(a.au_fname) + ' '+
RTRIM(a.au_lname) + ' '), 1, 25) AS Name, a.au_id, ta.title_id,
Type =
CASE
WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'BU' THEN 'Business'
WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'MC' THEN 'Modern Cooking'
WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'PC' THEN 'Popular Computing'
WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'PS' THEN 'Psychology'
WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'TC' THEN 'Traditional Cooking'
END
FROM titleauthor ta JOIN authors a ON ta.au_id = a.au_id

以下為結果集:

Name                      au_id       title_id Type               
------------------------- ----------- -------- -------------------
Johnson White 172-32-1176 PS3333 Psychology
Marjorie Green 213-46-8915 BU1032 Business
Marjorie Green 213-46-8915 BU2075 Business
Cheryl Carson 238-95-7766 PC1035 Popular Computing
Michael O'Leary 267-41-2394 BU1111 Business
Michael O'Leary 267-41-2394 TC7777 Traditional Cooking
Dean Straight 274-80-9391 BU7832 Business
Abraham Bennet 409-56-7008 BU1032 Business
Ann Dull 427-17-2319 PC8888 Popular Computing
Burt Gringlesby 472-27-2349 TC7777 Traditional Cooking
Charlene Locksley 486-29-1786 PC9999 Popular Computing
Charlene Locksley 486-29-1786 PS7777 Psychology
Reginald Blotchet-Halls 648-92-1872 TC4203 Traditional Cooking
Akiko Yokomoto 672-71-3249 TC7777 Traditional Cooking
Innes del Castillo 712-45-1867 MC2222 Modern Cooking
Michel DeFrance 722-51-5454 MC3021 Modern Cooking
Stearns MacFeather 724-80-9391 BU1111 Business
Stearns MacFeather 724-80-9391 PS1372 Psychology
Livia Karsen 756-30-7391 PS1372 Psychology
Sylvia Panteley 807-91-6654 TC3218 Traditional Cooking
Sheryl Hunter 846-92-7186 PC8888 Popular Computing
Anne Ringer 899-46-2035 MC3021 Modern Cooking
Anne Ringer 899-46-2035 PS2091 Psychology
Albert Ringer 998-72-3567 PS2091 Psychology
Albert Ringer 998-72-3567 PS2106 Psychology

(25 row(s) affected)

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